| Chemical Information | |
| Antiviral agent ID | DrugRepV_0290 | |
| Antiviral agent name | Kaletra |  |
| Common Name | Ritonavir | |
| Synonyms | Ritonavir | Ritonavirum | |
| Structural Information | |
| 2-D Structure is not available | 3-D Structure is not available |
| Clinical Information | |
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Category | Antiinfectives For Systemic Use
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Primary Indication (Clinical trial phases) | Approved, Investigational
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| Biological Information | |
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Primary Indication (Disease Category) | Infectious Disease
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Primary Indication (Disease) | Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
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Secondary Indication | Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) NA EMC/2012 |   |
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Secondary Indication (Approaches) | Experimental | |
| Secondary Indication (Methods) | In-vivo | |
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Secondary Indication (Model system) [cell lines/ animal models] | Callithrix jacchus
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Secondary Indication (Mode of viral infection) | Intratracheall
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Secondary Indication (Viral titer) | 5000000 TCID50
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Secondary Indication (Mode of drug delivery) | Oral
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Secondary Indication (Time of drug delivery) | Post infection (6, 30 and 54 hours)
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Secondary Indication (Duration of drug delivery) | 72 hours
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Secondary Indication (Drug concentration) | 12 mg/kg/day of lopinavir + 3 mg/kg/ day of ritonavir once daily at 6, 30, and 54 hpi) mg/kg/day
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Secondary Indication (Cell based assay) | Real-time PCR
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Secondary Indication (Change) | Decrease
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Secondary Indication (Type of Inhibition) | Viral titre [ 1.06 Log10 Copies/GAPDH ] | |
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Reference | Chan JF, Yao Y, Yeung ML, Deng W, Bao L, Jia L, Li F, Xiao C, Gao H, Yu P, Cai JP, Chu H, Zhou J, Ch.Treatment With Lopinavir/Ritonavir or Interferon-beta1b Improves Outcome of MERS-CoV Infection in a Nonhuman Primate Model of Common Marmoset.J Infect Dis. 2015 Dec 15;212(12):1904-13. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiv392. Epub 2015 Jul 21. PMID:26198719
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Comment | The lopinavir/ritonavir-treated and interferon-beta1b-treated animals had better outcome than the untreated animals, with improved clinical, radiological, and pathological findings, and lower mean viral loads in necropsied lung and extrapulmonary tissues. In contrast, all MMF-treated animals developed severe and/or fatal disease with higher mean viral loads than the untreated animals. Lopinavir/ritonavir and interferon-beta1b alone or in combination should be evaluated in clinical trials. MMF alone may worsen MERS and should not be used.
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