ProCarDB

APPLICATIONS

Lycopene

According to Sun et al, antioxidant capacity and immune function was improved by taking lycopene as supplementation. It was also shown that it regulate lipid metabolism in chicks.
Ref.

Sun B, Chen C, Wang W, Ma J, Xie Q, Gao Y, Chen F, Zhang X, Bi Y: Effects of lycopene supplementation in both maternal and offspring diets on growth performance, antioxidant capacity and biochemical parameters in chicks. J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr. (Berl). 2014.

Lycopene act as a hydroxyl radical scavenger.
Ref.

Prasad AK, Mishra PC: Modeling the mechanism of action of lycopene as a hydroxyl radical scavenger. J. Mol. Model. 2014, 20:2233.

Study showed that due to antioxidant activity of lycopene, exerts a protective effect against DMBA/TPA-induced cutaneum carcinoma.
Ref.

Shen C, Wang S, Shan Y, Liu Z, Fan F, Tao L, Liu Y, Zhou L, Pei C, Wu H, Tian C, Ruan J, Chen W, Wang A, Zheng S, Lu Y: Chemomodulatory efficacy of lycopene on antioxidant enzymes and carcinogen-induced cutaneum carcinoma in mice. Food Funct. 2014.

Since it regulate lipid metabolism and suppress oxidative stress, hence can act against neointimal hyperplasia.
Ref.

Mao M, Lei H, Liu Q, He R, Zuo Z, Zhang N, Zhou C: Lycopene inhibits neointimal hyperplasia through regulating lipid metabolism and suppressing oxidative stress. Mol. Med. Rep. 2014.

It is known to be the most potent singlet oxygen quencher of all carotenoids and thereby it can treat male fertility due to its antioxidant properties.
Ref.

Durairajanayagam D, Agarwal A, Ong C, Prashast P: Lycopene and male infertility. Asian J. Androl. , 16:420–5.

Major Biological activities of lycopene are antioxidant activity (singlet oxygen quenching and peroxyl radical scavenging), induction of cell-cell communication, and growth control, but no provitamin A activity. Hence can act against certain cancers like prostate cancer.
Ref.

Stahl W, Sies H: Lycopene: a biologically important carotenoid for humans? Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 1996, 336:1–9.


Astaxanthin

Astaxanthin (present in salmon, shrimp, and lobster) studied in vivo and clinical studies have shown promising results against free radical-promoted neurodegenerative processes and cognition loss.It act as radical scavenging, singlet oxygen quenching, anti-carcinogenesis, anti-diabetic, anti-obesity, anti-inflammatory, anti-melanogenesis, anti aging and immune enhancement activities. It is a strong antioxidant and has been reported to prevent various ROS-induced diseases. And thereby has the potential to attenuate age-associated changes of vocal folds.
Ref.

Barros MP, Poppe SC, Bondan EF: Neuroprotective properties of the marine carotenoid astaxanthin and omega-3 fatty acids, and perspectives for the natural combination of both in krill oil. Nutrients 2014, 6:1293-317.

Franceschelli S, Pesce M, Ferrone A, De Lutiis MA, Patruno A, Grilli A, Felaco M, Speranza L: Astaxanthin treatment confers protection against oxidative stress in U937 cells stimulated with lipopolysaccharide reducing O2- production. PLoS One 2014, 9:e88359.

Zheng D, Li Y, He L, Tang Y, Li X, Shen Q, Yin D, Peng Y: The protective effect of astaxanthin on fetal alcohol spectrum disorder in mice. Neuropharmacology 2014.

Due its antioxidant activity, it could alleviate early brain injury (EBI) after Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH).
Ref.

Zhang X-S, Zhang X, Zhou M-L, Zhou X-M, Li N, Li W, Cong Z-X, Sun Q, Zhuang Z, Wang C-X, Shi J-X: Amelioration of oxidative stress and protection against early brain injury by astaxanthin after experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage. J. Neurosurg. 2014.

Uses of astaxanthin

  1. Antioxidant enzyme levels were increased when astaxanthin fed to ethanol-induced gastric ulcer rats.
  2. Astaxanthin has a unique molecular structure which enables it to stay both in and outside the cell membrane.
  3. It serves as a safeguard against oxidative damage by various mechanisms, like quenching of singlet oxygen; scavenging of radicals to prevent chain reactions; preservation of membrane structure by inhibiting lipid peroxidation; enhancement of immune system function and regulation of gene expression.
  4. Haines et al. [73] reported lowered bronchoalveolar lavage fluid inflammatory cell numbers, and enhanced cAMP, cGMP levels in lung tissues after feeding astaxanthin with Ginkgo biloba extract and Vitamin C.
  5. Astaxanthin is a promising molecule for the treatment of ocular inflammation in eyes as reported by the Japanese researchers.
  6. Astaxanthin can protect pancreatic -cells against glucose toxicity. Some of the studies demonstrated that astaxanthin prevents diabetic nephropathy by reduction of the oxidative stress and renal cell damage.
  7. Astaxanthin is a potent antioxidant with anti-inflammatory activity and its effect examined in both experimental animals and human subjects.
  8. Canthaxanthin and astaxanthin derivatives enhanced gap junctional communication between mouse embryo fibroblasts.
  9. Immune system cells are very sensitive to free radical damage. The cell membrane contains poly unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Antioxidants in particular astaxanthin offer protection against free radical damage to preserve immune-system defenses .

Ref.

Ambati RR, Phang SM, Ravi S, Aswathanarayana RG: Astaxanthin: sources, extraction, stability, biological activities and its commercial applications--a review. Mar. Drugs 2014, 12:128-52.


Zeaxanthin/Leutin

Anti-oxidant activity-zeaxanthin supplementation protects lens protein, lipid, and DNA from oxidative damage and improves intracellular redox status upon oxidative stress. Thereby protect the human lens epithelial cells from oxidative damage.
Ref.

Gao S, Qin T, Liu Z, Caceres MA, Ronchi CF, Chen C-YO, Yeum K-J, Taylor A, Blumberg JB, Liu Y, Shang F: Lutein and zeaxanthin supplementation reduces H2O2-induced oxidative damage in human lens epithelial cells. Mol. Vis. 2011, 17:3180-90.

Ma L, Lin X-M: Effects of lutein and zeaxanthin on aspects of eye health. J. Sci. Food Agric. 2010, 90:2-12.

Mechanism of Zeaxanthin: By activating Nrf2-mediated phase II enzymes, Zeaxanthun could enhance anti-oxidative capacity and prevent cell death both in vivo and in vitro.

Ref.

Zou X, Gao J, Zheng Y, Wang X, Chen C, Cao K, Xu J, Li Y, Lu W, Liu J, Feng Z: Zeaxanthin induces Nrf2-mediated phase II enzymes in protection of cell death. Cell Death Dis. 2014, 5:e1218.

Zeaxanthin, lutein and Vitamin C play a protective role in leukocyte telomere length in elderly adults.
Ref.

Sen A, Marsche G, Freudenberger P, Schallert M, Toeglhofer AM, Nagl C, Schmidt R, Launer LJ, Schmidt H: Association between higher plasma lutein, zeaxanthin, and vitamin C concentrations and longer telomere length: results of the Austrian Stroke Prevention Study. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 2014, 62:222-9.

High serum levels of lycopene and lutein+zeaxanthin are associated with a lower risk of Alzheimer's disease mortality in adults.
Ref.

Min J-Y, Min K-B: Serum lycopene, lutein and zeaxanthin, and the risk of Alzheimer's disease mortality in older adults. Dement. Geriatr. Cogn. Disord. 2014, 37:246-56.

lutein/zeaxanthin on age-related macular degeneration progression.
Ref.

Chew EY, Clemons TE, Sangiovanni JP, Danis RP, Ferris FL, Elman MJ, Antoszyk AN, Ruby AJ, Orth D, Bressler SB, Fish GE, Hubbard GB, Klein ML, Chandra SR, Blodi BA, Domalpally A, Friberg T, Wong WT, Rosenfeld PJ, Agron E, Toth CA, Bernstein PS, Sperduto RD: Secondary analyses of the effects of lutein/zeaxanthin on age-related macular degeneration progression: AREDS2 report No. 3. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2014, 132:142-9.

Huang B-L, Ding S-H, Hang L, Zheng S-Z, Li W, Xu X: [Prevention and treatment of age-related macular degeneration by extract of Fructus lycii and its constituents lutein/zeaxanthin: an in vive and in vitro experimental research]. Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi 2013, 33:531-7.

Zeaxanthin along with leutin and omega 3 supplementation result in prevention of cardiovascular diseases.
Ref.

Rizos EC, Ntzani EE: ?-3 Fatty Acids and Lutein?+?Zeaxanthin Supplementation for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease. JAMA Intern. Med. 2014, 174:771-2.


Adonixanthin / adonirubin

It is known to have anti-tumor promoting, anti-oxidative and anti carcinogenic activities.
Ref.

Maoka T, Yasui H, Ohmori A, Tokuda H, Suzuki N, Osawa A, Shindo K, Ishibashi T: Anti-oxidative, anti-tumor-promoting, and anti-carcinogenic activities of adonirubin and adonixanthin. J. Oleo Sci. 2013, 62:181-6.


Beta carotene

Beta carotene due to its antioxidative property, can be benefecial for the treatment of oxidative sress mediated gastric inflammation.
Ref.

Kim Y, Seo JH, Kim H: -Carotene and lutein inhibit hydrogen peroxide-induced activation of NF-?B and IL-8 expression in gastric epithelial AGS cells. J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol. (Tokyo). 2011, 57:216-23.

It is also known for its Pro-vitamin A, Singlet oxygen-quenching activity, Anti-tumor activity also.
Ref.

Olson JA: Provitamin A function of carotenoids: the conversion of beta-carotene into vitamin A. J. Nutr. 1989, 119:105-8.

Beta-carotene supplementation should not be recommended for the prevention of cancer as the study showed the increased risk in lung cancer as well as gastric cancer in smokers and asbestos workers.
Ref.

Druesne-Pecollo N, Latino-Martel P, Norat T, Barrandon E, Bertrais S, Galan P, Hercberg S: Beta-carotene supplementation and cancer risk: a systematic review and metaanalysis of randomized controlled trials. Int. J. Cancer 2010, 127:172-84.

Mayne S: Beta-carotene, carotenoids, and disease prevention in humans. FASEB J 1996, 10:690-701.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1537849?dopt=Abstract

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2779372?dopt=Abstract

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9013900?dopt=Abstract

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6710156?dopt=Abstract

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8152349?dopt=Abstract


Canthaxanthin

Act as anti-oxidant.
Ref.

Giraud E, Hannibal L, Fardoux J, Jaubert M, Jourand P, Dreyfus B, Sturgis JN, Vermeglio A: Two distinct crt gene clusters for two different functional classes of carotenoid in Bradyrhizobium. J. Biol. Chem. 2004, 279:15076-83.